Sustainable information security policy in an organization

Sustainable information security policy in an organization Introduction The purpose of this research paper is to investigate how organizations design sustainable information security policies. Designing a sustainable information security policy is one of the most important issues facing organizations today. It should not only be the first step in an organizations information security policy program but a continuing process to ensure the policy should be maintained of high quality, it is clear, comprehensive and appropriate to the organizations specific business objectives, strategic goals and culture needs. This is a particularly salient issue in organizations that operate in numerous political, cultural, legal, geographic and economic environments and, by necessity, sometimes must have an information security policy that employees can follow and actually use. Information security represents a growing concern for organizations. As organizations are relying and becoming more dependent on information systems for staying competitive, gain strategic advantag e and operations, the issue of effective information security policy also becomes important and the necessary foundation for organizational information security. In an organization, some unique challenges can arise in designing an information security policy, such as policy differences arising through the various threats, risk acceptance and tolerance levels among business units; internal and external requirements at a country, local and national level; human factors; and cultural differences. In some cases, an organization may require a region-specific information security policy that may be more restrictive than a global information security policy. However, the reason why an information security policy has to be enforced on an organization is because the information security policy requires an effort from them. The literature review and an experimental study will be used to investigate, explore and understand different factors such as ease of use, designer perceptions of user shortcomings, attitude toward usage, peer influence, perceived behavioral control usage, perceived ease of use, quality of working life, work attitude and intentions as to how to design a sustainable information security policy in an organization. The research problem and goal. The research problem of this study is to investigate how to design a sustainable information security policy in an organization. Surprisingly, not too much is known about how to design security policies that pay attention to unique organizational security features, employees and business needs (Siponen and Iivari, 2006). In business, an information security policy is a document that states in writing how an organization should plan to protect its information systems and technology assets, provides guidance based on standards, regulations and rules of what to and what not to do. However the information security policy quality, flexibility and usability are limited. Therefore employees do not pay attention, understand, follow abide and break the information security policy. An information security policy that is viewed as design product and that is normative lists actions that the employees should follow or should not perform. The design of an information security policy does not necessarily make it possible to address all situations reasonably. However, to guide the design of the information security policy, the product and an application principle should state how it needs to be applied, and a design method should state how it needs to be crafted (Siponen and Iivari, 2006). Product design and development is a complex and lengthy process for organizations since it involves multiple participants from several organizational departments who are required to make decisions outside their area of expertise. To address the problem organizations often purchase ready made information security policies from various sources such as ISO, text books or adopt information security policies from government and other online sources. This leads to incomplete activities a nd flaws which lead to difficult to follow information security policy. Sound information security policy should protect the information and systems, as well as the individual employees and the organization as a whole from a wide variety of threats (Veiga, Martins and Eloff, 2007). It also should serve as a prominent statement to the outside world about the organizations commitment to information security. An information security policy is often considered to be a living document, meaning that the document is never finished but is continuously updated as technology, regulations and business requirements change. The information from systematic monitoring should serve as a critical input to evaluation, formulation, implementation and design of the information security policy. The information security policy should be seen not only as an artifact document of the organization to enforce best information security practices but also should identify details of what is acceptable or unacceptable and what is reasonable behavior from the employees in order to ensu re sound security of information. Information security policy should be sustainable. Information security covers people and process issues as well as technology. The design of information security policy in an organization should be integrated into a process that involves employee usability testing and input from various regions, regulations, industry standards and business units. An information security policy is the necessary foundation for a sound organizational information security. Information security policy should be able to enhance business operations by reducing risk, ensuring protection of organizational critical information assets and decreasing information systems security management costs as well as to improve information systems operations while also supporting the demands of internal and external compliance. Since many of these policies require human involvement, for example employee and customer actions, the goals should be measured and checked if they are met only if such human activities can be influenced and monitored and if positive outcomes have incentives while negative actions are sanctioned. The goal of this research study is to investigate how to design, create and maintain a sustainable information security policy using experimental methods and control focus groups in an organization. An effective information security policy should be based on a usability standard that can be achieved during the design techniques appropriate to implement sustainable information security policy. Importance of research problem The successful design of information security policy is critical in todays environment of rapid change and challenges in addressing information security policy compliance and effectiveness in organizations. The information security policy is the foundation on which a sound information security is built. As with any foundation, it must be well designed, and well constructed; it can then be trusted to support the organizations business objectives and goals effectively. It is essential that effective information security policy practices be in place in organizations to ensure the success of information security policy. Effective information security policy requires that users understand and follow the information security mission as described in the organizations information security policy. Flexibility and usability are essential elements of an information security policy life cycle, particularly of the design process of information security policy formulation and implementation. An information security policy needs to be sustainable and not rigid. While the importance of the information security policy in ensuring the security of information is acknowledged widely, to date, there has been little empirical analysis of its design, impact or effectiveness in this role. Designing sustainable information security policy is critical to protecting the organizations information systems and assets. The consequences of violating such as information security policy might be extensive and expensive. The organizations information security policy should be written with a clear understanding of the expected outcome and the need to be flexible and usable. The information security policy should incorporate clear definitions and user responsibilities (Gaunt 1998). It should also aim to influence behavior and turn employees into participants in the organizations efforts to secure its information assets. Information security policy plays an important role in preventing, detecting and responding to security threats and breaches. Organizations should have security controls to protect their information. One of the most important controls, according to Hone and Eloff (2002), is the information security policy. The information security policy is likely to be ineffective if it is not written well, understood, followed and accepted by all employees. The results of this study will help practitioners understand how an organization can design sustainable information security policy to achieve effective information security. Research argument The information security of an organization might be left in a less effective state in situations where information security policy is not followed by employees. Employee perception, in some instances, is that following the rules in information security policy interferes and gets in the way of doing their day-to-day work and their ability to accomplish their job tasks. This is because they feel as though this approach is cumbersome and a waste of time. An employees failure to comply with the information security policy is a key concern of information security practitioners and organizations. According to Desman (2002) information security is not a technical issue, but rather a human issue, therefore the most significant threat to the security of information in an organization is its employees (Gaunt 1998). Information security policy should be fair, reasonable, understandable, flexible and usable. If an information security policy is not flexible and usable, employees will not follow it and it will break. According to Besnard and Arief (2004), the design of security products and information security policy should rely more on the rules of human-computer interaction. The employees, independent of their knowledge and intellect, should be able to read an organizations information security policy understand, follow, comply and adhere to it. One of the ways to implement good information security practices in an organization is to ensure that a detailed information security policy is in place. The content of the information security policy is particularly significant, as it should be monitored for any changes after it is adopted to attain relevance and an understanding of whether there were changes due to the policy or program. According to Gaunt (2000) user participation in the development of an organization information security is necessary if it is to achieve wide acceptance. Problem Relevance According to Hone and Eloff (2002) one of the most important information security controls in an organization is the information security policy. However, this important document it is not always easy to put together and develop. Some organizations derive their information policy from business goals, service level agreements, industry best practices, and International Standard Organization standards such as ISO 27000, or copy paste from other ready made policy templates found or procured from textbooks or online resources. Content in information security policies differ according to the type of organization: for example, corporations, academic institutions, government, and within departments such as information technology, human resources, legal, and finance to name a few. The degree of guidance varies from very specific references of what to do or not to do and sanctions of not following the rules. Sanctions affect employees actual compliance with information security policy. According to Bia and Kalika (2007), the decision to formulate an information security policy, for example, a policy of acceptable use, occurs when the organization has experienced problems, conflict, damage, or business loss because of improper use of information security rules. The application of a security policy is considered essential for managing the security of information systems. Implementing a successful information security policy in an organization, however, is not a straightforward task and depends on many factors (Karyda, Kiountouzis and Kokolakis, 2004). Sometimes, employees view the information security policy as an obstacle and a barrier to progress and, in an effort, to do their job more efficiently, employees might not follow the rules set in the information security policy document. Despite the fact that organizations have information security policy in place, more often than not, the application of information security policy fails to attain its goals. To ensure that information security policy is effective, information security professionals must first understand the social elements, including cultural and generational variances that affect employee behavior and perceptions about information security policy (Cisco, 2008). According to Baskerville and Siponen (2002), strict access controls imposed during fast growing organizational changes can become an obstacle by limiting access to information thereby threatening the organizations survival. This problem is one of limiting organizational emergence because of limited information access and presents conflicting and stringent demands for security policy making. Unexpected business opportunities may require actions that conflict with their information security policy. Some of the problems facing organizations are of employees not following the information security policy, which reflects the social nature of human beings. According to Kabay (2002), an information security policy challenges employees to change the way they think about their own responsibility for protecting the organizations valuable information. Attempting to impose information security policy on unwilling employees results in resistance both because stricter information security procedures make jobs more difficult and because people do not like to be told what to do. The process of design and development of information security policy plays an important role in the life cycle of an information security policy and affects how people feel about the information security policy and whether they see rules as a needless imposition of power or an expression of their own values. Unfortunately, an information security policy conflicts with most peoples view of reality: for example, an empl oyee showing sensitive information to someone who does not have the appropriate level of authorization to view such information because they both work on the same project team. However, if users fail to comply with the rules, an information security policy can help deter abuse (Straub and Nance 1990). Although having an information security policy in an organization is essential, it is not enough to ensure an employees compliance with it. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to understand what factors should be considered in the design of a sustainable information security policy in order to motivate employees to comply with the information security policy and understand how important it is. Definitions of Terms For the purposes of this paper: Information security policy: by definition, an information security policy refers to a clear, understandable comprehensive and well-defined plan, rules, and practices that regulate access to an organizations system and the information included in it. It is defined as the security policy in a document that states in writing how an organization plans to protect the companys physical and information technology assets. Information policy: is defined as the combination of laws, regulations, rules, and guidelines that steer the creation, management, and use of information that greatly shapes the roles of information in society. Information policy includes a range of issues related to freedom of information, privacy, secrecy, security, intellectual property, and information and communication technologies among other policy areas. Information system security: is defined as the state of being free from unacceptable risk. Thus, information security focuses on reducing the risk of computing and communication systems, especially in regard to the misuse, destruction, modification or inappropriate disclosure of information either by intent or accident. Product design and development: in this paper refers primarily to the design and development of new information security policy. Research questions and Hypothesis. The main research question for this study is formulated as: How to design sustainable information security policy in an organization? Hypothesis: H1: Is there a significant difference between flexibility and usability? H2: Is there a significant relationship between flexibility and usability? H3: If an information security policy is usable then is there a need for sanctions? H4: If an information security policy is flexible then is there a need for rewards? Reference Agarwal, R and Sambamurthy, V. (2002). Principles and models for organizing the IT function. MIS Quarterly Executive, 1(1), 1-16. Baskerville, R., and Siponen, M. (2002). An information security meta-policy for emergent organizations. Logistics Information Management, 15(5/6), 337-346. Besnard, D. and Arief, B. (2004). Computer security impaired by legal users. Computers Security, 23(3), 253-26. Bia, M., and Kalika, M. (2007). Adopting an ICT code of conduct: An empirical study of organizational factors. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 20(4), 432-446. CISCO. Data leakage worldwide: The effectiveness of security policies, 2008, Retrieved March 29 2010 http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns170/ns896/ns895/white_paper_c11-503131.pdf Da Veiga, A., Martins, N., and Eloff, JHP. (2007). Information security culture validation of an assessment instrument. Southern African Business Review, 11(1), 147-166. Desman, M.B. (2002). Building an information security awareness program. Boca Raton, FL, Auerbach Publications. Doherty, NF., and Fulford, H. (2006). Aligning the information security policy with the strategic information systems plan. Computers Security, 25(1), 55-63. Eloff, JHP., Labuschagne L, and Badenhorst KP. (1993) A comparative framework for risk analysis methods. Computers and Security, 12(6), 597-603. Gaunt, N. (1998). Installing an appropriate IS security policy in hospitals. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 49(1), 131-134. Gaunt N. (2000). Practical approaches to creating a security culture. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 60(2), 151-157. Hone, K., and Eloff, JHP. (2002). Information security policy what do international security standards say? Computers and Security, 21(5), 402-9. Kabay, M. (1994). Psychological factors in the implementation of information security policy. EDPACS, The EDP Audit, Control, and Security Newsletter, 11(10), 1-10. Karyda, M., Kiountouzis, E., Kokolakis, S. (2005). Information systems security policies: a contextual perspective, Computers and Security, 24(3), 246-260. Lapke M., and Dhillon, G. (2008). Power relationships in information systems security policy formulation and implementation. European Conference on Information Systems, 16, 1358-1369. Siponen, M., and Iivari, J. (2006). Six design theories for IS security policies and guidelines. Journal of the Association for Information System,s 7(7), 445-472. Thomson, K. L., von Solms, R., and Louw, L. (2006). Cultivating an organizational information security culture. Computer Fraud and Security, 10, 7-11. Straub, D.W., and Nance, W.D. (1990). Discovering and disciplining computer abuse in organizations: A field study. MIS Quarterly, 14(1), 45-60. Warman, AR. (1992). Organizational computer security policy: the reality. European Journal of Information Systems, 1(5), 305-10. Zhang, Y., Liu, X., and Wang, W. (2005). Policy lifecycle model for systems management. IT Professional, 7(2), 50-54.

Essay on the Role of the Gods in Homers Iliad :: Iliad essays

The Role of the Gods in Homer's Iliad        Ã‚   If one holds the contemporary view of the Christian God then it may be difficult to comprehend the actions and motivation of the Greek deities. The Christian God does not tend to take such an active role in the affairs of people's lives, where, on the other hand, "the Greeks regarded direct involvement by the gods as a daily, uncontrollable part of life"(Guthrie 17). Needless to say, divine intervention was a major variable in the equation of Homer's Iliad. The gods picked who they would favor for different reasons, except Zeus.   As the symbol of supreme authority and justice, he makes judgment calls as to the other gods' involvement in the war, remains impartial, and doesn't seem to get caught up in picking favorites. Even when his own son, Sarpedon, was about to die, Zeus chose to let the outcome go unaltered. On the other hand, Zeus's wife, Hera, displayed the more typical actions of a god. After Paris, a Trojan, judged Aphrodite the fairest over Hera, and, after her daughter Hebe was replaced as cupbearer to the gods by a young Trojan boy, she was quite resentful towards Troy and its people. Obviously, she sided with the Greeks and would stop at nothing to express her will. Scheming and manipulating, she even dared to trick her husband, King of the Gods. Hera, along with Athena, who was also passed over by Paris, is seen as the chief divine aid to the Greeks. Being the god of the sea, Poseidon was another strong supporter of the ocean-faring Greeks. Whenever Zeus turned his back, Poseidon tried to help the Greeks in the fight. Poseidon felt that he was somewhat Zeus's equal, as his brother, but recognizing Zeus's authority and experience, he looked to Zeus as an elder. There were also Gods who favored the Trojan side of the conflict. Both Apollo and Artemis, twin brother and sister, gave aid to the city of Troy. Although Artemis takes a rather minor role, Apollo, perhaps angered by Agamemmnon's refusal to ransom Khryseis, the daughter of one of his priests, and was constantly changing the course of the war in favor of the Trojans. Responsible for sending plague to the Greeks, Apollo was the first god to make an appearance in the Iliad. Also, mainly because Apollo and Artemis were on the Trojan side, their mother, Leto, also helped the Trojans.

Fat Sam and Cadillac Joe

Fat Sam and Cadillac Joe There was a mobster named Fat Sam and his partners; â€Å"Funky Don† Parsons, Howard â€Å"Big Bill Bass and Pat Willey had spotted a right ulna of a human arm. After a couple of hours of digging Bill Bass and other men had found two thoracic vertebrae, fifteen teeth, four fragments of an They had decided to kidnap a man named Monty Hudson and his wife Liz Hudson.Not only did he kidnap them, but Monty Hudson was killed. Monty Hudson and his wife Liz Hudson, who was six months pregnant at the time, were kidnapped in broad daylight at gun point at the hotel, Holiday Inn by three men. They left in two different cars. One car Liz wastaken in and the other car, which just so happened to be his own car, Monty was taken in. Liz was released a couple days later in Nashville. Liz Hudson was very uncooperative, hoping that if she would not say anything that they would not kill Monty.Liz had told the FBI that the kidnapping had been a simple misunderstanding and that Monty had left on a business trip. She could not tell them when he would be back or where he was at. About five months or so went by and investigators got a tip about Monty. According to an informant, Monty was in a shallow grave some seventy-five miles south of Nashville, on a farm near the Alabama border in Lawrenceburg, Tennessee. By 1980, Fat Sam already had a bad record for counterfeiting , money laundering, marijuana farming, drug distribution, and trafficking in stolen property.When Fat Sam got indicted for counterfeiting, his partners knew they were not far behind. Earl Carroll, figuring he would be the first to snitch, would get the best deal. Carroll offered to tell about Fat Sam's crimes, including the kidnapping and murder of Monty Hudson. Carroll went on to tell about how Monty Hudson was a con man whose nickname was, Cadilllac Joe, because he had a thing for stealing Cadillacs. It all started because Hudson had offered to sell him more than thirty pure silver bar s.Each bar was a good foot and a half long and six inches wide. The bars werenearly a hundred dollars a piece. Silver at this time was selling for fifty dollars an ounce. Just one of the bars could be worth $80,000 a piece. Monty was willing to sell Fat Sam all of them for $20,000. Fat Sam did not trust Monty so he had his partner, Funky Don, check it out because he had some expierence with special metals. Fat Sam had it resampled after he had bought what he had thought was pure silver was really zinc.Which was not even worth $200. At this point Fat Sam was furious. Monty had made a comment in the back of the car that just ticked off either Sam or his partner who was sitting in the front seat. Now here is where things started going wrong. Sam did not have the heart to kill Liz and her unborn baby so he called one of his friends to get the job done. Unfortunately, Sam's friend had said, â€Å"No matter what kind of a sorry son of a bitch I am, I can't kill no pregnant women. † After that they had released her.Sam had ordered his partners to dig two graves one for Monty and one for his Cadillac right outside Laweranceburg, said Carroll. Bill Bass and Pat Willey had spotted a right ulna of a human arm. After a couple of hours of digging Bill Bass and other men had found two thoracic vertebrae, fifteen teeth, four fragments of an occipital, five fingers, toe bones, fragment of a long bone, human hair, empty pupal casings, tatters of cloth, and a bullet, which i had learned about where all these bones were located in anatomy. Dr.Bass had to determine the Big Four: sex, age, race, and stature. Most the time it is easier to determine the sex by the pubic bone, hip bone, or face. In this case they had determined the sex by how massive the ulna was and how pronounced and bore heavy muscle markings were of the occipital bone, which was charecteristics of a man's neck muscles. The age was hard to judge since the only thing they had was the ulna, finger, toe bones, and the thoracic vertebrae that showed the first stage of osteoarthritic lipping, which showed he was in between 30-50 years old.Without a face or cranial vault theycould not figure out his race. The stature was a little bit easier for them to figure out they had; one long bone, ulna, and the distal. After measuring everything out they figured out that the man had to be around six feet one to six feet two. Monty was finally discovered by the x-rays of his teeth. I knew what every bone Dr. Bill Bass was talking about and where it was located. I remember learning in class that x-rays of teeth is a great way to help identify who a person is if they have records at a dentist facility.What also helped Dr. Bass identify Monty was by knowing that it was a male. We had learned in class the differences in the hipbone and the pelvic bone of a female and a male's. In my opinion after reading through the book anthropoligists never know what they are going to be dealt. Every death has its own m eaning behind it weather it is caused naturally or on purpose. It is amazing how you can discover gender, race, and age just by bones and teeth and a lot of times anthropoligists do not have much to work with.

Free Essays on Pratical Approach To Proving The Existance Of God

Practical Approach to Proving the Existence of God The existence of God is something that most people take for fact. How ever there are those in our society that simply need proof. There are many reasons for their need for proof, ranging from being analytical, logical and not seeing the logic in the existence in such a being. To simply not understanding how a â€Å"God† as Christians define Him, can possibly allow the horrible things in this world happen. I think the best way to start this paper is to define the â€Å"Being† that I am attempting to prove exist. In the Christian world, He is called by many names including God, Yahweh, and Jehovah. In other religions, He may be called by names like: Buddha and Allah. It’s my belief that we are all talking about the same being. In all cases, no matter the name or the way that he is worshiped, God is thought of as the Alpha and the Omega, meaning the beginning and the end. God had no start and will be the end, to put a very uncomprehendable topic into a simple statement. God is believed to be all knowing and all-powerful. This is where the Thesis comes into conflict with the Atheist who asks, â€Å"how can God let horrible things happen?† An extension of the reason why such an atheist can’t believe is the idea that God is a kind being. In addressing the conflict of the book of Genesis and the scientific theory of the start of the universe. A very simple argument comes to mind, the causal argument. The idea of a causal argument is as simple as the scientific law of â€Å"cause and effect, or action reaction.† Its simple, anything that happens is caused by something else. It’s my newfound belief that the book of Genesis is not to be taken literally. Who is to say that the explanations God gave for the beginning of time weren’t greatly simplified for the feeble minds of ancient times. In addition who is to say that 7 days of Gods time isn’t billions and billions of ... Free Essays on Pratical Approach To Proving The Existance Of God Free Essays on Pratical Approach To Proving The Existance Of God Practical Approach to Proving the Existence of God The existence of God is something that most people take for fact. How ever there are those in our society that simply need proof. There are many reasons for their need for proof, ranging from being analytical, logical and not seeing the logic in the existence in such a being. To simply not understanding how a â€Å"God† as Christians define Him, can possibly allow the horrible things in this world happen. I think the best way to start this paper is to define the â€Å"Being† that I am attempting to prove exist. In the Christian world, He is called by many names including God, Yahweh, and Jehovah. In other religions, He may be called by names like: Buddha and Allah. It’s my belief that we are all talking about the same being. In all cases, no matter the name or the way that he is worshiped, God is thought of as the Alpha and the Omega, meaning the beginning and the end. God had no start and will be the end, to put a very uncomprehendable topic into a simple statement. God is believed to be all knowing and all-powerful. This is where the Thesis comes into conflict with the Atheist who asks, â€Å"how can God let horrible things happen?† An extension of the reason why such an atheist can’t believe is the idea that God is a kind being. In addressing the conflict of the book of Genesis and the scientific theory of the start of the universe. A very simple argument comes to mind, the causal argument. The idea of a causal argument is as simple as the scientific law of â€Å"cause and effect, or action reaction.† Its simple, anything that happens is caused by something else. It’s my newfound belief that the book of Genesis is not to be taken literally. Who is to say that the explanations God gave for the beginning of time weren’t greatly simplified for the feeble minds of ancient times. In addition who is to say that 7 days of Gods time isn’t billions and billions of ...

Free Essays on Apollo And Daphne

and rejoined, "Your arrows may strike all things else, Apollo, but mine shall strike you." So saying, he took his stand on a rock of Parnassus and drew from his quiver two arrows of a different workmanship, one to excite love, the other to repel it. The former was of gold and sharp pointed, the latter blunt and tipped with lead. With the leaden shaft he struck the nymph Daphne, the daughter of the river god Peneus, and with the golden one Apollo, through the heart. Forthwith the god was seized with love for the maiden, and she abhorred the thought of loving. Her delight was in woodland sports and the spoils of the chase. Many lovers sought her, but she spurned them all, ranging the woods, and taking no thought of Eros nor of Hymen. Her father often said to her, "Daughter, you owe me a son-in-law; you owe me grandchildren." She, hating the thought of marriage as a crime, with her beautiful face tinged all over with blushes, threw her arms around her father's neck and said, "Dearest f ather, grant me this favor, that I may always remain unmarried, like Artemis." He consented, but at the same time said, "Your own face will forbid it." Apollo loved her and longed to obtain her; and he who gives oracles to all the world was not wise enough to look into his own fortunes. He saw her hair flung loose over her s... Free Essays on Apollo And Daphne Free Essays on Apollo And Daphne Apollo and Daphne in Myth Daphne was Apollo's first love. It was not brought about by accident, but by the malice of Eros. Apollo saw the boy playing with his bow and arrows; and being himself elated by his recent victory over Python, he said to him, "What have you to do with warlike weapons, saucy boy? Leave them for hands worthy of them. Behold the conquest I have won by means of them over the vast serpent who stretched his poisonous body over acres of plain! Be content with your torch, child, and kindle up your flames, as you call them, where you will, but presume not to meddle with my weapons." Aphrodite's boy heard these words and rejoined, "Your arrows may strike all things else, Apollo, but mine shall strike you." So saying, he took his stand on a rock of Parnassus and drew from his quiver two arrows of a different workmanship, one to excite love, the other to repel it. The former was of gold and sharp pointed, the latter blunt and tipped with lead. With the leaden shaft he struck the nymph Daphne, the daughter of the river god Peneus, and with the golden one Apollo, through the heart. Forthwith the god was seized with love for the maiden, and she abhorred the thought of loving. Her delight was in woodland sports and the spoils of the chase. Many lovers sought her, but she spurned them all, ranging the woods, and taking no thought of Eros nor of Hymen. Her father often said to her, "Daughter, you owe me a son-in-law; you owe me grandchildren." She, hating the thought of marriage as a crime, with her beautiful face tinged all over with blushes, threw her arms around her f ather's neck and said, "Dearest father, grant me this favor, that I may always remain unmarried, like Artemis." He consented, but at the same time said, "Your own face will forbid it." Apollo loved her and longed to obtain her; and he who gives oracles to all the world was not wise enough to look into his own fortunes. He saw her hair flung loose over her s...

How Evil Is Represented In Macbeth and Lord of the Flies Essay Example

How Evil Is Represented In Macbeth and Lord of the Flies Essay Example How Evil Is Represented In Macbeth and Lord of the Flies Paper How Evil Is Represented In Macbeth and Lord of the Flies Paper Essay Topic: Literature Lord Of the Flies Macbeth is a play, which was written by William Shakespeare between the reigns of Elizabeth 1 and James 1 in 1606. William Shakespeare had written many plays and poems during his era. Macbeth is one of the most popular amongst his works and is now recognised as a classic. Macbeth is a character in the play that is overcome by evil desires on his way to becoming king. The book explains what happens to Macbeth and how evil causes him to commit such actions, and how he fights to keep his throne as king. The Lord of the Flies is a novel, which is also a classic that had been written by William Golding. It is based during the Second World War, when a group of young boys are fleeing England to safety, but on their way, their plane crashes down onto a deserted island. Miraculously all the Children survive but all the adults had died. The book explores how these children no older than thirteen or fourteen live on the island until rescue arrives. Evil is represented in the novel by the fight for leadership between two rivals, Jack and Ralph, and how the other children live with this. Both the play and the novel have evil themes within them, which is reacted to by the characters. I will be comparing the ways evil is represented in Macbeth and The Lord of the Flies as well as exploring the different attitudes of the characters. At the start of Macbeth, evil is first introduced with three witches discussing when they shall meet again with Macbeth. An impression of the images of witches is long hair, long cloaks, large hats and all these items must be in black. In The Lord of the Flies, the boys gather together after Piggy and Ralph find a conch and blow it. After these boys gather together they spot another group of boys heading towards them and are described: : but each boy wore a square black cap with a silver badge in it. Their bodies from throat to ankle, were hidden by black cloaks which bore a long silver cross on the left breast and each neck was finished off with a hambone frill. (The Lord of the Flies- chapter 1- pg26) These boys are a choir and are led by Jack who is the head of the choir. The way they are dressed is like the image a person would get of witches. The cloaks that they were wearing had a silver cross on, and as this war was during the time of Adolph Hitler, the person who had many, many Jews killed, it is a symbol of his Nazi group. Just like when the witches create an image of evil, above are two images in which evil represented within Jacks group. Macbeth had arrived back from battle after defeating the Norwegians and taking the Thane of Cawdor prisoner. King Duncan is told of this and orders for the Thane of Cawdor to be killed and the title to be transferred to Macbeth. Later on, Macbeth and Banquo have a run in with the witches. He is told that he will become Thane of Cawdor and then king, and that Banquos children will be kings. Rosse tells Macbeth that he has been made Thane of Cawdor, but later he hears King Duncan has made his son Malcolm as the next king. A part of what the witches had told him has become true but he becoming king hasnt. From this moment on Macbeth starts to think evil due to hearing this: Let not light see my black and deep desires; The eye wink at the hand, yet let that be, Which the eye fears, when it is done, to see. (Macbeth- Act 1 Scene 4- Lines 51-53) Macbeth is contemplating whether he should commit murder in order to get his way, which reflects his arrogance. Similarly in The Lord of the Flies, Jack starts to show arrogance from the opening of the novel. The boys decide a chief need to be appointed, but Jack with simple arrogance speaks out: I ought to be chief, because Im chapter chorister and head boy. I can sing C sharp. (The Lord of the Flies- chapter 1- pg29) Jack just like Macbeth wants to appoint themselves as leaders, due to their arrogance, which they dont realise, but even though they are arrogant, the quotes reveal that they both have ambition. The only difference is between Jack and Macbeth that can be spotted so far is that Macbeth is willing to commit evil in order to fulfil his ambition, but in Jacks case it cant be seen how he wants to achieve his ambition. Later on in the play, Macbeth kills Duncan and frames the guards with the help of Lady Macbeth. Duncans sons Malcolm and Donalbain flee Scotland fearing their safety. The murder that had taken place had been taken late at night and that it was so horrid that even the nature got scared: Macbeth: I have done the deed (i.e. the murder). Didst though not hear a noise? Lady Macbeth: I heard the owl scream, and the crickets cry. Did not you speak? (Macbeth- Act 2 Scene 2- Lines 14-15) Even though the murder took place two scenes later, it was still late night. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth had planned to perform the wicked act at night. As murder is already evil, the atmosphere of it being late and gloomy had added to the atmosphere. This evil can be seen also in The Lord of the Flies when Simon faces his death. Simon is returning after seeing The Lord of the Flies and is shouting to the boys that there is no beast. It is late and dark, the boys are dancing and feasting, they hear some noises, they think it is the beast and viciously attack it only to find out that it was Simon. Going to be a storm, said Ralph. The dark sky was shattered by a blue white scar. (The Lord of the Flies- chapter 9- pg187-188) The similarities can be seen in how evil is represented in the novel and the play. William Shakespeare and William Golding both have used the same ways to represent the evil and similar ways to emphasise it through the atmosphere and nature. Another resemblance that is seen in both texts is the theme of peace. In Macbeth, whilst Duncan was king and ruled there were no problems, no inappropriate murders, and everyone lived in peace and harmony. As soon as Duncan is killed Macbeth takes over and problems arise. Macbeth wants to keep his position but he gets information from the witches, who lure him into committing evil acts in order to keep his status. Macbeth orders for many killings to take place. At the start of the play when Macbeth and Banquo meet the witches, they said Banquos children will be king, which had got Macbeth thinking. Macbeth decides that Banquo and his son must be killed, so he persuades the murders to attack Banquo and his son, Fleance. The murders kill Banquo but his son escapes. Macbeth has been Possessed with evil at this present time. There was also peace when Ralph was in charge of the boys at the start of the novel. This peace was broken when Jack got obsessed with his killing of pigs, and went off to make his own group. The rules were broken for the first time and this was when the peace and unity were broken: Jack! Jack! The rules! shouted Ralph, youre breaking the rules! Who cares? (The Lord of the Flies- chapter 5- pg114) We can see that in Macbeth the one of the reasons why Macbeth is lured into committing these evil acts is because the witches had given the initiative to commit these acts. For instance when Macbeth was told that he has been made Thane of Cawdor: Rosse: And, for an earnest of a great honour, He bade me, from him, call thee Thane of Cawdor (Macbeth- Act 1 Scene 3- lines 104-105) He would have been honoured to have that position, but because the witches told him early that he would be Thane of Cawdor as well as King, he thought the witches must have been telling the truth so he had it in his head that he should be King. This caused him to lead to the planning of the murder of Duncan. Likewise in The Lord of the Flies Jack wouldnt have been taunting the children with the idea of killing and hunting if it werent for the beast. The idea of the beast gave him the power and back-up for hunting and becoming obsessed with killing. In Macbeth, Lady Macbeth was the Person also to give Macbeth the initiative to kill Duncan. She would tell Macbeth that Duncan will not live to see the next day: Lady Macbeth: O! never Shall sun that morrow see! (Macbeth- Act 1 Scene 5- Line 60) Lady Macbeth is referring about Duncan in this sentence. She is telling Macbeth that Duncan will not be able to live to see the light tomorrow as he will kill him. This is a push factor for Macbeth upon which he should murder Duncan, as he has his wife whom will support him after the act takes place. Correspondingly in The Lord of the Flies, Roger is the exact representation of Lady Macbeth as he had joint Jacks tribe when they split up. This had given a confidence boost towards Jack as he knew he had people behind him to help him along the way. Jack is obsessed just like Macbeth with murder. It is as if it is a hobby for them. In Macbeth, Banquo, Malcolm, Macduff and many others have seen what Macbeth has become. They see that he committed many murders and was responsible for the murder of Duncan. They all fight back in the end and manage to kill Macbeth with their various armies. The same is in The Lord of the Flies, Piggy, Ralph and Simon realise that Jack and his tribe have become savages and have lost control of humanity. This can be seen when Jack and his tribe start to hunt and dont care about rescue. Their obsession has led them to loss of self-control as they end up hunting Ralph wanting to kill him. To conclude, William Shakespeare and William Golding both have managed to convey evil themes directly through evil acts such as murder as well as indirectly through the atmosphere and nature. They have expressed how the other characters react to the acts taking place and what they do to try and resolve it. I feel as if the authors have done an excellent job in conveying the evil to the reader and representing how people are convinced to commit such acts. The similarities can be seen between Jack and Macbeth in the texts. They have much in common and that is in an evil concept. They both enjoy killing and have an obsession with it, causing them to lose control of what happens around them. The other characters like Piggy, Ralph, Malcolm, Macduff have realised what Macbeth and Jack had become. They realised that they would have to act if they wanted to change things around. They did this by speaking out aloud and through physical battle. The authors have used the characters to symbolise the current situations faced by people in the present world. The Lord of the Flies along with Macbeth informs us that the human nature cannot be seen with the naked eye. It only reveals itself when it comes across a situation in, which it cannot hold itself any further. I believe that these texts illustrate that if there is something that needs to be changed then people should strive out and try to make a change, just like Macduff and Ralph did.

Wage Determination in the UAE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wage Determination in the UAE - Essay Example If the job is of private sector, foreign applicants would be preferred (Abdalla et al., 2010, p. 165). The difference in the access to job opportunities for the national and foreign applicants can fundamentally be attributed to the high level of segregation in the labor market. The public and private sectors in the UAE are completely independent with their own characteristics, criteria, and culture. The public sector is almost entirely meant for the national applicants whereas the private sector almost entirely accommodates the foreign workers. This is because of the fact that companies in the public sector are government-owned and thus can accommodate the high expectations of the national workers with respect to wage and benefits. Foreign workers in the public sector are vulnerable to discrimination and stereotyping because of their rarity amidst the abundance of national workers of the UAE. On the other hand, companies operating in the private sector place emphasis on maximizing th eir profits. So hiring national workers of the UAE does not prove a cost effective option. Besides, the national workers of the UAE are also less equipped with the talents and competences required by the companies operating in the private sector. ... While mentioning experience, it is important to note that companies both in the public and the private sector mostly value experience that is gained within the UAE rather than elsewhere. So a worker with ten years of experience in India or Pakistan might be considered equivalent to a college freshman in the UAE. Conditions of job in the private sector in the UAE are tougher as compared to those in the public sector. An example of this is more number of working hours in the private sector than those in the public sector (Abdalla et al., 2010, p. 171). Therefore, as an individual gets more experienced within the UAE, he/she prefers to work in the public sector rather than the private sector, though the basic factors of nationality and gender are still considered. The segregation of labor market in the UAE can be attributed to the fact that the UAE wants to protect the rights of its national workers and considers their employment more important than those of the foreign workers. Educati onal level of a worker plays a significant role in his/her productivity. The more educated the worker, the more productive he/she is because of the added knowledge he/she has as compared to a less educated worker. Citizenship of the employee generally does not have any impact on the employee’s productivity because irrespective of citizenship, all employees have to work in the culture of the UAE industry following the norms and rules of the UAE. Working hours per week do have a connection with productivity. There is an optimal number of working hours that promise maximal productivity. Working hours above or below them reduce the productivity.